The first steps of the German colonial venture were taken by Bismarck when he decided to force Britain to abandon its policy of informal empire, as this policy implied excluding German political influence from African territory neither occupied nor claimed by Britain. WebHere's a list of translations. The most important claims concerned the maintenance of the rulers monopoly of interior markets, the supply of monetary means to finance these markets, the continuance of trade, and the non-interference with some local customs. Britain never replied to this request. States of the German Empire - Wikipedia WebMeet other Germans at our events in Cameroon. F. von Liszt, Das Vlkerrecht Systematisch Dargestellt, 12th edn. An example of this rivalry was the refusal of the native ruler Lock Priso from Hickory Town to conclude a treaty with the Germans, Especially after a Schutzgebiet treaty had been signed, the failure to respect the distinction between territorial sovereignty and private land ownership became a central issue. Enacting legislation was the main instrument to subject African territory and people to German norms and values. Although it was played out in the relatively obscure arena of the German overseas empire, the struggle between the Duala people and the pre- World War I government of Cameroon ranks among the better- known politieal dramas of African How to publish with Brill: Files & Guides, E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports. As will be argued later, the effect of granting these concessions was that native land ownership was disregarded. The second constitutive document was the treaty concluded on 12 July 1884 between the representative of the trade companies of Woermann and Jantzen & Thormhlen, Eduard Schmidt, and the rulers of the territory in question, which in the words of the treaty established a protectorate. It is found naturally in woodland, wooded grassland and bushland and has been spread to the Caribbean, Central America, India and China. Allerhchste Verordnung ber die Schaffung, Besitzergreifung und Veruerung von Kronland und ber den Erwerb und die Veruerung von Grundstcken im Schutzgebiete von Kamerun, vom 15. List of colonial governors of Cameroon - Wikiwand https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004321199_008, Studies in the History of International Law, Volume: 20/8. The effects of this trade-off were mass expropriations of native lands and granting huge numbers of land concessions, mainly to such German associations as the Gesellschaft Sd-Kamerun and the Gesellschaft Nordwest-Kamerun. As Great Britain did, Germany considered setting up chartered companies companies with a Knigliche Freibrief. Second, was public opinion ready for them? As a consequence, the companies had to conclude numerous treaties with African natives to acquire territory, each tribe having to be negotiated with separately. Known as "Africa in miniature" it features French In addition, colonies needed schemes to attract settlers from the motherland. Liste der Gouverneure der deutschen Kolonie Kamerun More German words for governor. Herrenloses Land, by contrast, was eligible for occupation. German law was enforced by a central authority and imposed on Germans, other Europeans and African natives inhabiting the territory. There are three main linguistic groups: the Bantu-speaking peoples of the south, the Sudanic-speaking peoples of the north, and those who speak the Semi-Bantu languages, world history, not just East African or German history, and they offer one an opportunity to explore the larger issue of how violence and warfareparticularly irregular, asymmetrical warfareshaped and Some German traders were clearly unhappy with the political agenda of the German authorities; they preferred to open up the interior to trade. Geburtstag von Peter Sebald. Cameroon Mineral resources map showing the accurate geographic locations of minerals in Cameroon. Recalling the stately story of 'the most historic house in Texas' See also P. Laband, Das Staatsrecht des Deutschen Reiches (Tbingen, Leipzig: Mohr, 1901), 273; F. Seelbach, Grundzge der Rechtspflege in den deutschen Kolonien (Bonn: Cohen 1904), 5 and K.F. Fourth, what about the damage to his own diplomacy? Pakenham, Scramble for Africa, 203204. Services. The Germans attempted to constitute colonial protectorates, or Schutzgebiete, as did Britain and France at the later stage of the scramble for Africa. Ardener, Eye-Witnesses to the Annexation of Cameroon, 24. Mommsen, Imperial Germany 18671918: Politics, Culture and Society in an Authoritarian State (London: Arnold, 1997). 90. C.H. What is important to bear in mind is that Cameroonians did passively accept German rule and that they pointed to inconsistencies in the legal justification of German presence on their territory. See also Fanso, Trade and Supremacy, 7778. The boundaries of Cameroon were definitively laid down in the treaties concluded with Britain and France in 1893 and 1894 respectively. Tanzania Colonial Records FamilySearch Applicant is required to be present when Mark Gordon is governor of Wyoming. Although the Germans were already actively engaged in the exploration and acquisition of the Hinterland of the Adamawa region by concluding treaties with local rulers in the 1880s, the Fulani people continued to resist German presence. WebDon't forget that Africa is big, really big, much bigger than it looks on the maps, because almost every projection tends to make temperate regions bigger than tropical ones, due to the difficulties of transforming a round shape into a 2d projection. German administration in Cameroon governors Consequently, the Cameroonian inhabitants were dispossessed, expelled from their lands, and forcedly placed in reservations. This particular provision clearly was not in the best interests of the companies, investors and other German settlers that benefited from German land policy, and the strongly objected to it. Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory Weband travel maps, orographical and hydrological maps. British colonial policy was based on classic liberalism in that it used the method of indirect imperialism, implying that the flag would follow trade. WebKamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1920 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon. Gov. Newsom Family Vacation: $29K per Night at Cabo San Lucas The fourth problem was whether the international legal standards on treaties applied. Through these treaties, Germany explicitly acquired external sovereignty rights and implicitly acquired internal sovereignty rights. as laid down by Governor Julius Freiherr von Soden (18461921), was that ownership of land formerly owned or held by native inhabitants and acquired by means of a treaty would fall under the authority of the German Emperor (1); ultimate land ownership accrued to the German Emperor. WebGerman West Africa : Map of the German West African Colonies of Togo and Cameroon 1900 Picture from Westermanns Neuer Schulatlas / WikiCommons . Another noteworthy feature of the treaties establishing German protectorates in the Cameroonian area was that within such a protectorate a relationship of suzerainty was established. C. Bornhak, Die Anfnge des deutschen Kolonialstaatsrechts, Archiv fr ffentliches Rechts 2 (1887), p. 7. 76 Governors State University Map The French had to be kept out at all costs, even if Britain had to surrender territory to the Germans. Under the agreement, the King of the Mahin area sold the land to Mr Gaiser, a tradesman from Hamburg. Here too, the power to decide whether it was in the public interest to appropriate land was granted to the Governor (4). 51 Germany It encompasses the period when the country was under colonial rule of the German Empire (as Kamerun ), military occupation May 5, 2023, 7:00 AM. 4295, Allgemeine Angelegenheiten des Schutzgebietes Kamerun, Februar-August 1911, Bl. This law established that two different legal systems applied to the Cameroonian territory: the imported German law applied to the Germans inhabiting the territory, and traditional customary law, for the time being, continued to apply to the native population. British Imperial Officer who was sent out in the 1880s to annex Cameroon but failed to do so . 85 Trading companies played a central role in the creation of the informal empire; they concluded many treaties with native rulers in the name of the German State. Geography of Cameroon Overlapping claims and misunderstandings in defining and delimiting lands led to conflicts between the Germans and the British. Von Liszt adopted a State centric approach in his whole work on international law. governor In the context of its imperial expansion, Germany intended to establish colonial protectorates on the African continent. Eingeborenen Land comprised land possessed and controlled by natives. Governors plum, Flacourtia indica is a slow growing tree or shrub, usually 35 m tall, and is found near homes and in fields in a variety of climates and soils south of the Sahara. Available for both RF and RM licensing. F. von Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Vlkerrechts auf Grundlage Europischer Staatspraxis, vol. German cameroon At first, German trading companies carrying a mandate of the German government, a Schutzbrief, concluded treaties with African natives establishing Schutzgebiete. After Nachtigal had concluded a treaty with King Bell transferring sovereign rights over the Duala territory, the Germans met with resistance from the contenders of King Bell. The competition for territory between Britain and Germany led to a race to obtain as many signatures as possible of native rulers and eventually deprived the native populations of a fair share. East Cameroon federal See Wagner, Deutschen Schutzgebiete, 204. While these treaties stated protection as their purpose, in practice, as will be argued later, annexation was effectuated. This treaty text is very clear on what protection entailed: while the Germans would control the independence of the territory, the native ruler retained his sovereignty rights with regard to the governance of the territory. Sammlung smtlicher Drucksachen des Reichstages, 6. Germanys recognition of the unlawfulness of the acquisition of this particular African territory by way of occupation and of its subsequent classification as Kronland undermines the legality of this mode of acquisition in the context of the struggle for African territory. The German Governor at the time, Von Puttkamer, ignored the missionaries complaints and criticism and defended the interests of the plantations, which profited from the concession system. After the Berlin West African conference of Getting out. Von den Anfngen bis zur Gegenwart, vol. For the text of the document, see M. Buchner, Aurora Colonialis: Brchstcke eines Tagebuchs aus dem Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/85 (Munich: Piloty and Loehle, 1914), 70. German WebCameroon - Cameroon - Diversity, Music, Cuisine: Each major ethnic group of the country has developed its own culture. See Articles 34 and 35 of the Final Act of the Berlin Conference (1885). This construction, which Bismarck called the Schutzgebiet, will be addressed in Section3. C. Bornhak, Die Anfnge des deutschen Kolonialstaatsrechts, Archiv fr ffentliches Rechts 2 (1887), pp. This premise rests on the presumption that Germany possessed and exercised both external and internal sovereignty over the territory. Acquiring African territory by cession or establishing protectorates in the traditional sense, the Germans excluded at forehand. Germany and its European rivals acquiesced on the point that the acquisition of African territory by occupation had become untenable and could henceforth only be achieved in a derivative manner. WebLearn about Cameroon location on the world map, official symbol, flag, geography, climate, postal/area/zip codes, time zones, etc. Four maps included in the bundle: - One black map. Juni 1896 ber die Schaffung, Besitzergreifung und Veruerung von Kronland und ber den Erwerb und die Veruerung von Grundstcken im Schutzgebiete von Kamerun, vom 17. In response to the abuses and disorder, a Verordnung was issued at the end of 1894, which required that all land treaties, contracts, and other agreements between natives and Germans had to be publicized by persons who had been authorized by the Government to do so. While in both a Schutzgebiet and a traditional protectorate the protected entity officially retained its internal sovereignty rights, there are two differences between the two. More generally, it will attempt to answer the question whether the German, British and French colonization of Africa was legal. Third, the chapter will examine how Germany established its control over the territory by means of legislation after the treaties had been concluded (4). In contrast to Britain and France, this process of acquiring all-comprehensive sovereignty over territory was less gradual. Webwho was the last german governor in cameroon. Once the treaty-making context has been outlined, the next question to be addressed is how existing sovereignty and property rights fared after the treaties had been signed. 435 bis 437. Image source. The right to levy taxes, the native rulers claimed, had not been conferred on the Germans by the 1884 treaty. 46 This ambiguity in the treaty text gave the German authorities non-specific discretionary powers. 10 Aug 1858 - 28 Mar 1887 British missionary settlement at Ambas Bay. This has been effected in virtue of Treaties which have been in part concluded by Dr Nachtigal, the Consul-General dispatched to West Africa, with independent Chiefs, and partly in virtue of applications for protection made by Imperial subjects, who have acquired certain tracts by covenants with independent Chiefs. Nachtigal then circulated a statement informing the British settlers and tradesmen present on the territory of the conclusion of the treaty and the establishment of the protectorate: [A] Treaty with the Kings and Chiefs of this river has been concluded and lawfully legalized by the German Consul of Gaboon []. As will be argued, the Germans would eventually misuse this room for discretion to gain more extensive sovereign rights over territory. 81 22 In the 1870s, Bismarcks diplomacy Cameroon - German Kamerun - GlobalSecurity.org Standing against an estimated 40,000 Herero, of whom only some 5,000 carried arms, the Germans relied on the element of surprise as well as their modern weaponry. WebRM 2A8E9NH 'Map Showing the German Cameroon Colony', 1916. See Rudin, Germans in the Cameroons, 425. WebThe old German colony of Kamerun had been divided between the British and French after World War One by the League of Nations. 1916 - World War One; British and French troops defeat German forces in Cameroon. F. Lentner, Das Internationale Colonialrecht im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Wien, 1886, p. 91. Did Germany violate the law by failing to respect the sovereignty of the African ruler? a political construction analogous to the British model of Royal Charters. Nachtigal continued his mission and concluded several treaties with the native rulers of the Bimbia, Malimba, Klein-Batanga, Plantation and Kriby, situated in the south of Cameroon. Why Bismarck did not confirm German rule over this territory remains unclear. Emergency consular ), A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 17891914 (Malden, Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell, 2006), 401422; J.L. 77 In practice, Cameroon still follows the system that was in place prior to the adoption of a new constitution in 1996. Schlimm, Grundstcksrecht in den deutschen Kolonien, 5177. Like that of the French, German colonial administration was a centralized organization. Excluding the African political entity from the international legal order and, in consequence, disapplying international law is the basic premise of the European approach to non-European polities. In response, the government tried to appease the rulers and to weaken resistance by privileging the people who did surrender their lands and resettled in the appointed reservations. 1968-08: On a Defense Department map of this date, West Cameroon federal state consists of six "divisions". From the time of independence in 1960 right up until 1982, the country was ruled by Ahmadou Ahidjo. In the turmoil caused by the trading companies that primarily served their own interests, the interests of Germany as well as those of the individuals and peoples living in the overseas territories were neglected. Cameroon Nevertheless, some legal scholars pointed to the advantages of colonial law in the sense of creating opportunities and encouraging development: [C]olonial law not only defined the terms of domination and colonial exploitation; it also introduced new modes of conflict resolutions, notions of individual freedom, and modern property rights, and thus changed the structure of indigenous societies. The Cameroonian people were subjected to the partiality of the German Governor and stood defenceless against the German settlers. See Wesseling, Verdeel en Heers, 142144. The question remains whether the native rulers would have signed the treaties at all if they had known the practical implications of these legal institutions, which proved disastrous to their subjects? 95 It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region.Home to Central Africa's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA), it is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon, Congo, Chad, Equatorial
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